Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

Capitalism essays

Capitalism essays A characteristic of man that separates him from the majority of the animal world is his organization of social and economic systems. Man, however, retains traits of his evolutionary ancestors in the form of self-preservation and greediness. While many political, economic, and social systems attempt to eliminate this modern form of natural selection, capitalism and similar economic structures preserve social inequality in many forms. Historically, this preservation of financial inequality has achieved a higher standard of living generally than systems initially formed and employed to achieve just that. There are specific economic factors of capitalism that enables it to make life more civilized and By definition, capitalism is an economic system controlled chiefly by individuals and private companies instead of by the government. Through this, it stresses private economic choices. People are free to decide how they will earn and spend their income. Companies may choose which goods and services to produce and how much to charge for them based on the wants, or demand of the people. This regulates the amount and kind of products produced to accommodate the population. Because of this emphasis on economic individual freedom to become the wealthiest of ones nation, many inequalities form in the distribution of wealth. As many citizens are able to acquire their needs to survive and eventually purchase luxuries, some citizens are not able to support their own existence and eventually die of cold, starvation, or other such causes. Although this is viewed by many as inhumane, capitalist societies achieve a higher standard of living than other socialist and communist societies. This also provides incentive for the unemployed to find jobs, as they are not supported by others in a capitalist society. Historically, communist societies achieved less ...

Evolution Of Knowlendge Management Within A Law Enforcement Agency Assignment

Evolution Of Knowlendge Management Within A Law Enforcement Agency - Assignment Example The police have been able to use the inter agency communication which has enabled the traffic police to share information with the registration and FBI departments to keep law and order upon the roads. The traffic police will share the information with the vehicle registration department to affirm that the vehicles are registered and that they are in good conditions. If the vehicle has some registration issues the FBI will have to investigate the issue. This ensures that the law and order is obeyed by the motorists. The inter agency communication is greatly enhanced in the patrols and it helps to bring order. The federal rules of criminal procedure forbid the disclosure of matters occurring before a grand jury. This is because of the privacy act of the suspect and the investigation. The violation of the rule may be punished as disrespect of court. â€Å"This is because any violation of the rule can endanger an investigation to the extent that civil litigation may become impossible. The privacy act also provides that any agency which maintains a system of records containing information of a personal nature which is retrieved by name, social security number, or some other identifying number, symbol, or identifying particular, must ensure that administration of the file complies with requirements in the privacy act.† (Anonymous, 2012) The information will only be used by the government agencies and it should not be shared to other individuals. â€Å"Normally, the investigatory files are exempted from these requirements by reason of the provision of the act which exempts investigatory material compiled for law enforcement purposes. In addition, departmental regulations can deny disclosure to anyone, including the individual subject of the record, of information compiled in reasonable anticipation of a civil action or proceeding. At times, another government agency may request documents from EBSA. If there

The Years of My Birth By Louise Erdrich Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Years of My Birth By Louise Erdrich - Essay Example At that time she was too young to be even admitted to a state run institution. Tuffy and her brother referred to as the doppelganger shared a very ethereal and unique relationship. Tuffy’s birth circumstances, her deformities and the fact the she was left stranded in the nursing home was an effect of her brother’s presence. After Mrs. Lasher’s, the mother’s delivery of the twins, Tuffy never saw any of them ever again. It was only during her mid-adulthood that she chanced upon when a phone call came to her residence. Tuffy never saw her brother, her doppelganger, and was not aware of his looks, his name, his whereabouts, or any information related to his brother whatsoever. Quite frequently she used to feel the presence of a comforting soul, a sympathetic hand, and a warm presence of an invisible person around her, beside her. She used to have the same feeling when taking ling walks, as if someone was accompanying her just beyond the corner of her eye. She felt this for years, right from the time she was abandoned till her years of womanhood. While Tuffy was still a child growing up at the Wishkob household, amidst the love, care and affection of the Wishkob couple: Betty and Albert, she began to have a growing attachment towards them and their children, Sheryl and Cedric. She didn’t hold her birth mother or her bother in high regard, rather she was indifferent to their whereabouts, and didn’t want to go to them. Her relationship with her doppelganger in the beginning was quite different. She bore agony and resentment in her heart for the inhuman treatment that was metted out to her during her birth. The incident has such a deep engraving in her mind that she bore a feeling of indifference toward the Lasher family. She remembered her birth mother Nancy Lasher with a lot of pain and discontent in her heart. All her life she tried avoiding pain and the prime cause of a raw and aching nerve inside her was her own birth fam ily. Such being the case, she didn’t care and even though she worked in the reservation post office, she didn’t bother, for years, to get the address of her birth mother and contact her. It was only on the night when Tuffy (Linda Wishkob) was contacted by her birth mother, under extraordinary circumstances and quite unannounced that the trail of her life and her feelings took a turn. After Tuffy was abandoned by her parents in the local nursery and she started growing up with the Wishkobs there were times when she was taken away from Betty and Albert by welfare officers with the duty to find a better home for her. During on such incident when she was driven off to an unknown place by the visiting welfare officer, and found herself waking up in a white room, she felt the presence of someone. She felt as if someone was with her, comforting her, holding her hand, crying and grieving with her. She never had this experience before, but thereafter continued to experience it on several occasions throughout her life under varying circumstances. She had a strange and peculiar feeling in her heart as if someone was around her and was in dire need of help. It was as if a person was holding on to life and depending on Tuffy’

Behaviour Changes towards Conservation Projects

Behaviour Changes towards Conservation Projects Conservation scientists should be interested in social-psychological approaches, such as human behaviour changes that could influence natural-resource management, according to St John et al (2010). In my perspective, some conservation projects must consider population behaviour changes in order to shift management techniques and even policy making, and before expecting behaviour and attitudes to change, education of society has to be considered has a priority. According to Masud et al (2015) societies with higher levels of education are predisposed to positive environmental behaviour, as they are more responsible and competent with knowledge, values, and skills to improve environmental solutions. A great example how education changed community behaviour, is the environmental education projects in the islands of S.Tomà © and Principe regarding turtles conservation. When it started in 2012, turtles were still commercialized and consumed by local community, however after several projects of environmental education, focusing not only children but elders too, nowadays can be considered a success case, considering that during reproduction season, local communities help to protect new-born turtles on their way to the ocean. Taking into account the socio-economic status of communities, education itself might not be enough to change behaviours, since a lower income community will not accept changes that can decrease their welfare. Consequently, education must be linked with gaining of knowledge, so communities could benefit in improving their skills and techniques (Nilsson et al, 2016). It is the case of communities dependent of agriculture, where using fertilizers is almost mandatory, however, lack of knowledge sometimes might result in overuse and consequently pollution of watersheds. Education actions in these communities aiming the technological improvement, regarding the right amount of fertilizers per species, would benefit the environment/water quality as well as the farmers since it would reduce their investment in fertilizers. Nevertheless, to use education as a factor to change behaviours, cultural assessment of communities must be acknowledged so the ways of teaching and presenting knowledge can be adapted to achieve better results. Presenting arguments in a developed country, with educated people is not the same as presenting the same arguments to people without education in a developing country, as their understanding might be limited by lack of background knowledge. I believe cultural and socio-economic factors should be studied in advance, thus the teacher can establish a connection with the audience so they can relate to what is being said. For example, coal prices decreased recently in India, due to increased extraction, being more affordable to poor people, that until now have been using cow dung has combustible. Because coal emits more CO2 than cow dung combustion, environmental institutions are concerned about climate change effects, considering that India has around 1.3 billion of people. Approaching these communities trying to relate them to global warming and potential extreme climates changes in the future, will not be successful considering they struggle to survive comparing to western countries with vast polluting industries that have been causing the problem. In conclusion, my point of view is human behaviour should always be considered in conservation/environmental projects since human communities are inevitably connected with ecosystems. Also, because human behaviour is driven by demographic and socio-economic factors, to have behaviour adjustment, education must be considered. References Masud, M.M., Kari, F.B., (2015), Community attitudes towards environmental conservation behaviour: An empirical investigation within MPAs, Malaysia, Marine Policy 52, 138-144 Nilsson, D., Baxter, G., Butler, J.R.A., McAlpine, C.A., (2016) How do community-based conservation programs in developing countries change human behaviour? A realist synthesis, Biological Conservation 200, 93-103 St John, F.A.V., Edward-Jones, G., Jones, J.P.G., (2010), Conservation and human behaviour: lessons from social psychology, Wildlife Research 37, 658-667

Final Test Review

With respect to sales at those locations, Roz is a. an independent contractor. . ot Trina's agent or employee, or an independent contractor. c. Trina's agent and employee. d. Trina's employee only. 2. Refer to Fact Pattern 17-1. At the shop, Roz and Sara are a. independent contractors. b. not Trina's agents or employees, or independent contractors. c. Trina's agents and employees. d. Trina's employees only. 3. Refer to Fact Pattern 17-1. Trina hires Unity Cleaning Company to clean the carpets of her shop. Trina gives Unity instructions as to what needs to be cleaned and when. Unity is 4. Cody contracts with Drew to act as her agent in a fraudulent marketing scheme.Cody does not successfully complete the scheme. Drew can re cover from Cody for a. breach of contract. b. breach of implied warranty. c. breach of the duty of performance. d. none of the above. 5. Irma retains Jerry as her authorized agent, unaware that Jerry is a mi nor. Jerry enters into a contract with Ken on Irma's be h alf. The contract is a. binding on Irma. b. binding on Jerry and Ken, but not Irma. c. binding on Ken, but not Irma or Jerry. d. void. 6. Jill introduces Kelly to her friends as â€Å"my associate. † Kelly purports to act as Jill's agent in several business transactions with those friends.If Jill is liable for Kellys actions, it will be under . the equal dignity rule. c. the fiduciary principle. d. the good faith statute. 7. Macro Corporation and National Purchasing Company may create an agency agreement a. by conduct, in writing, or orally. b. by conduct or orally only. c. in writing only. d. under no circumstances. 8. Jay holds himself out as possessing special accounting skills. As an agent, he must exercise the degree of skill or care expected of a. a person having those skills. b. an average, unskilled person. c. a reasonable person. d. the principal. 9.Dan, an agent for Eve, signs an agreement with Fred on Eve's behalf but ne glects o tell Eve that the agreement require s the payment of a certain tax. The government prosecutes Eve for failing to pay the tax. Eve is a. liable, because Dan's knowledge is imputed to Eve. b. liable, because Fred's knowledge is imputed to Eve. c. not liable, because Dan did not tell Eve about the tax. d. not liable, because Fred did not tell Eve about the tax. 10. Prospective Enterprises (PE) employs Quinn to buy property for a possible com mercial development. Quinn secretly buys some of the property and sells it to PE at a profit.Quinn has breached a. no duty. b. the duty of accounting. c. the duty of loyalty. d. he duty of notification. Internet Services, Inc. , employs Joe as an agent. During the agency, Joe acquires 11. new skills. After the termination of the relationship, Joe uses those skills in a new Job. Joe has breached a. no duty. b. the duty of loyalty. c. the duty of notification. d. the duty of performance. 12. Regional Investment Corporation (RIC) hires Sam, a real estate agent, to locate investment prop erties for RIC. Sam learns of a warehouse avail able for $100,000, buys it himself, and offers it to RIC for $200,000.Under the reasoning of the court in Case 17. 3, Cousins v. Realty Ventures, Inc. , Sam a. reached the agent's fiduciary duties to the principal. b. did nothing wrong. c. failed to take advantage ofa business opportunity. d. set an unreasonable price based on current market value. 13. Pam is an agent for Refined Chemicals Corporation. Refined Chemicals owes Pam the duty of a. accounting. b. obedience. d. safe working conditions. 14. Regional Products, Inc. , hires Sam to act as its agent. Tina sues Regional for Sam's negligent conduct. Regional's right to sue Sam for an equal amount of damages is the right of a. voidance. b. cooperation. c. indemnification. d. reimbursement. 15. Glen is an agent for High Flight, Inc. On High Flight's behalf and at its request,Glen pays ‘Isa for certain plane maintenance and repair serv ices. Glen's right to obtain the amount of those payments from High Flight arises under the principal's duty of 16. Ann is a businessperson acting as an agent for Business Sales, Inc. (BSI). In an ordinary business situation, Ann a. can contract on BSI's behalf without further authority or ratification. b. cannot contract on BSI's behalf. c. must obtain BSI's written authority to enter into a contract for BSI. . must obtain BSI's later ratification ofa contract entered into for BSI. 17. Lyn may hire employees to work in the Main St. Computer Store that she manages de spite the fact that her employment agreement with Main St. says noth ing about her being able to hire employees. This is a. apparent authority. b. equal authority. c. express authority. d. implied authority. 18. Quick Supplies Company (QSC) requires its customers to pay by check. Ron, a QSC driver, tells customers on his route that they can pay him with cash. When QSC learns of Ron's collections, it takes no action to stop it.Ron steals some of the cash. QSC may be suffer the loss under the doc trine of a. apparent authority. 9. Alpha Sales, Inc. , employs Britney as a sales agent. Alpha gives Britney a furnished office and an expense account. Consumer Retail Company (CRC) orders goods from Britney, who fills the order with goods from Deal EZ Corpora tion. The goods are defective. CRC may recover damages from Alpha on the ground of a. apparent authority. 20. Elin, an agent for First Credit Corporation (FC), enters into an unau thor ized contract with Great Expectations, Inc. (GE), purportedly on FC's be half.This contract a. b. 21. any third party. Elin. Carol hires Dick to act as her agent in the purchase of an office building. Carol does not want the seller to know that she is the buyer, so she asks Dick to epresent that he is buying the building for himself. Carol is a. a disclosed principal. b. an independent contractor. c. an undisclosed principal. d. a partially disclosed principal. 22. Jack says that he placed an order with Internet sales. com, which did not fill it, causing Jack to lose money. If the order was taken via an e-agent, under the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (UETA), Internetsales. om can a. claim it did not receive the order but at any rate the risk was Jacks. b. claim it did not receive the order if the firm was not yet aware of it. c. claim it did not receive the order if the order had ot yet been reviewed. d. not claim it did not receive the order. 23. Bizonline. com uses an electronic agent, or e-agent, to perform certain tasks in e-commerce.With respect to the e-agent's actions, Bizonline. com is bound by a. all of the actions. b. only those actions of which Bizonline. com is aware. c. only those actions that Bizonline. com does not refute within ten days. d. nly those actions that Bizonine. com ratifies. 24. Aron, an agent for Bright Sales, Inc. (BSI), enters into an unauthorized contract with Consolidated Corporation (CC) purportedly on behalf of BSI, which refuses to perform. Aron is liable to . BSI and CC for breach of contract. b. BSI for misrepresentation. c. CC for misrepresentation. d. no one. 25. Agnes is a salesperson for Beta Technical Instruments, Inc. (BTI). She misrepresents to Curt, a customer, that a certain device has a certain ca pability. In reliance, Curt buys the device. Liable for this misrepresen ta tion is a. Agnes and b.Agnes only. c. only. d. neither Agnes nor BTI. 26. Elle is an agent for Fresh Food Corporation. Elle makes a mis representa tion when entering into a contract on be half of Fresh with Gala Grocery Stores, Inc. Gala a. is estopped from performing the contract. . may rescind the contract. c. must perform the contract. d. must ratify the contract. 27. AAA Auto Sales, Inc. , employs BBB Collection Company as a collection agent. injures Cathy. Cathy can recover from a. AAAonly. b. AAAor BBB. c. BBB only. d. Cathys insurance company only. 28. Eve hires Frank to do some remodeling work in her office.The relation ship be tween Eve and Frank is client and independent contractor. While working, Frank drops a tool on Gary, Eve's customer, causing an injury. Eve is a. liable to Gary because he was injured on Eve's property. b. liable to Gary unless Franks act is intentional. . not liable because Frank is an independent contractor. d. not liable to Gary because Frank is Eve's employee. 29. Common Carrier Corporation (CCC) employs Don as an agent. Without CCC's knowledge but otherwise acting within the scope of em ployment, Don commits a crime. The state can successfully prosecute a. ccconly. b. CCC or Don. . Don only. d. neither CCC nor Don. 30. Gil is a purchasing agent for H;H Ranch with the authority to buy cat tle at a certain auction. After the cattle have been bought, the agency rela tionship terminates a. automatically. b. following notice to all actual cattle sellers. c. ollowing notice to all potential cattle sellers. d. following published notice in a local newspaper. 31. Myra, an agent for National Buys , Inc. , has often done business with Owen on National's behalf. Myra and National terminate their agency. For Myra and National to avoid liability for later deals, Owen must be no tifled by a.Myra only. b. National only. c. Myra and National. d. neither Myra nor National. 32. Ida hires Jim, a real estate broker, to act as her agent to sell her land for $10,000. Oil is discovered beneath the land, causing its market value to in crease one hundred-fold. The agency agreement is likely . still in force if Ida gives Jim additional consideration. b. still in force if Jim does not mention the oil to prospective customers. c. terminated by mutual consent of the parties. d. terminated by operation of law. Fact Pattern 17-2 (Questions 33-34 apply) Quinn employs Roy as his authorized business agent on April 1.Quinn's son Stan peti tions a court to declare Quinn mentally incompetent. The court grants Stan's request on May 1 . 15. After May 1, the contract, which has not been performed, is a. b inding on Quinn. b. binding on Roy. c. binding on Stan. 34. Refer to Fact Pattern 17-2. Roy enters into a contract on Quinn's be half on May 15, before Roy knows of the court's action. The contract is 35. Mary hires Nina, a real estate broker, to sell her warehouse. The ware house burns down be fore being sold. Nina is a. Marys agent until Marys insurer pays Nina's commission. b. Marys agent until the burnt warehouse is sold. c.Marys agent until the warehouse is rebuilt and sold. d. no longer Marys agent. MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS-Bustness Entities 1. Fred starts up, and assumes the financial risk of, Graphic Ads, a new en terprise. Fred is a. a franchisee. b. a franchisor. c. an agent. d. sole proprietor. 2. Jody owns Kappa Sales, a sole proprietorship. Jodys liability is a. statute and varies from state to state. b. limited to the extent of capital expenditures. c. limited to the extent of his or her original investment. d. unlimited. limited by state 3. Bree, who runs a livestock breeding business, owes the Circle C Ranch $400,000.Bree agrees to pay the Circle C a percentage of her profits each month until the debt is paid. Because of this agreement, the Circle C is a. Bree's creditor and partner. b. Bree's creditor only. c. Bree's partner only. d. neither Bree's creditor nor her partner. Adam, the owner of Adam's Apples, a sole proprietorship, wishes to in crease his busi ness capital. This objective can best be accomplished by a. issuing additional stock. borrowing funds from lenders. . bringing in additional partners. d. none of the above. 5 unlimited. limited to the amount of his or her original investment. capital expenditures. d. imited by state statute and varies from state to state. 6 Amy wants to go into the business of construction contracting. Among the reasons that would probably convince Amy to set up her business as a sole proprietorship would be a. its greater organizational flexibility. . its limited liability. c. its perpetual existence. d. the ease of transferring the business to other family members. 7 Owen and Paula agree to operate an espresso stand. They purchase their supplies and split the costs equally. They agree to share profits equally, and decide that each of them will have an equal say in how the stand will operate.Nothing is put in writing. Owen and Paula have formed a. a partnership. b. a sole proprietorship. c. a corporation. d. nothing because their agreement was not reduced to writing. 8 Computer Networks, LLC, is a limited liability company. Unless indi cated otherwise on Computer Networks' federal tax form, the firm will be taxed as a. a corporation. b. a partnership. c. a sole proprietorship. 9 General Construction, LLC, is a limited liability company. Among the members, a dispute arises that their operating agreement does not cover. The dispute is governed by a. the applicable state LLC statute. b. the federal Uniform LLC Law. c. he International LLC Governing Resolution. 10 Computer Games, LLC, is a limited liability company. Among the mem bers, a dispute arises that their operating agreement does not cover. No statute applies. The dispute is governed by the principles of a. orporate law. b. partnership law. c. sole proprietorship law. 1 1 Sue is considering forms of business organization for her construction-equipment business. For purposes of owning property and being a party to litigation, the form that is not a legal entity separate from its owner is a. a corporation. b. a limited liability company. 12 Tasty Pastry, a retail bakery, is a partnership.In terms of the firm's in come taxes on its profits, each partner is liable for a. a pro rata share only if the profits are distributed. b. a pro rata share whether or not the profits are distributed. c. the entire amount. Dean starts up E-Sites, an Internet service, and leases office space in a build ing owned by Fred. The lease requires Dean to pay Fred a base rental of $250, plus 10 percent of E-Sites' profits, each mont h. The term is two years. Dean hires Gina to work at E-Sites' tech support desk at an hourly wage of $9. 00, plus a commis Sion of 10 percent of the prof its. The term is also two years. 13 Refer to Fact Pattern 19-1.Dean and Fred are a. not partners, because Fred does not have an ownership interest or manage ment rights in E-Sites. b. not partners, because the lease includes a â€Å"base rental. † c. not artners, because the rent includes only 10 percent of the profits. d. partners in a partnership for two years. 14 Refer to Fact Pattern 19-1. Dean and Gina are a. not partners, because Gina does not have an ownership interest or manage ment rights in E-Sites. b. not partners, because the pay includes an hourly wage. c. not partners, because the pay includes only 10 percent of the profits. d. partners in a partnership for two years. 5 Quik Pizza is operated as a partnership. For tax purposes, Quik Pizza a. is a tax- paying entity. b. is required to file an information return but is not a tax-paying entity. . pays 1/2 of the taxes if there are two partners. d. pays 1/4 of the taxes if there are three partners. 16 Jay is a member of Kappa, LLC, a limited liability company. Jay is liable for Kappa's debts a. in proportion to the total number of members. b. to the extent of his capital contribution. c. to the extent that the other members do not pay the debts. d. to the full extent. 17 Dan is considering forms of business organization for his financial advisory firm.Like most states, Dan's state requires that to form a limited liabil ity company, he must file with a central state agency a. rticles of certification. b. articles of formation. c. articles of organization. d. no specific documents. 18 Computer Games, LLC, is a limited liability company. Among the mem bers, a 19 Accounting Applications, LLC, is a limited liability company. Unless indi cated otherwise on Accountings federal tax form, the firm will be taxed as a. a corporation. d. a syndicate. 20 American Products, LLC, is a limited liability company. Rather than dis tribute its reason, American may prefer to be taxed as a.MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS-corporanons a corporation. 1. American Goods, Inc. , is a corporation. Responsibility for the overall management of American Goods is entrusted to a. the board of directors. b. the corporate officers and managers. c. the owners of the corporation. d. the shareholders. 2. Statewide Distributors, Inc. (SD'), is a corporation. Owen is an SDI off cer. Which of the following possess Fifth Amendment rights in a crimi nal case? a. SDI only b. Owen only c. SDI and Owen d. none of the above 3. Federal Home Products, Inc. (FHP), is a corporation. The implied powers of FHP are powers necessary to a. mend the corporate charter. b. bring a derivative suit. c. declare dividends. d. erform all acts reasonably appropriate and necessary to accom plish its corporate purposes. 4. Web Design, Inc. , is a close corporation. Web Design is a. eligible t o make public offerings of securities. b. exempt from corporate duties such as filing a certificate of incorporation. c. generally allowed to restrict transfer of stock. d. taxed in the same manner as a partnership. 5. Acme, Inc. , is incorporated in the state of California and is doing busi ness in the state of Nevada. In Nevada, it is properly referred to as a. an alien corporation. . a foreign corporation. c. a close corporation. d. national corporation. 6. Eve and Fran want to market a new line of cooking appliances. To be taxed the same as a partnership but enjoy limited liability, they should form a. ac corporation. b. a close corporation. c. an S corporation. d. a private corporation. 7. Jean and Nathan want to incorporate to market DVD products. The first step in the incorporation procedure is to a. file the articles of incorporation. b. hold the first organizational meeting. c. obtain a corporate charter. d. select a state in which to incorporate. 8. Ron and Nancy form Eagl e Equipment Corporation.Eagle has a board of directors, overned by its a. board of directors. b. incorporators. c. officers. d. shareholders. 9. Bart and Cary are directors of Digital Designs, Inc. Voting by Bart and Cary at corporate directors' meetings a. may be cumulative. b. may be done by proxy in all states. c. must be done in person. d. all of the above. 10. Intech Corporation makes and sells computer chips. In most states, the minimum number of directors that must be present before Intech's board could transact its business is a. all of the directors authorized in the articles or bylaws. b. a majority of the number authorized in the articles or bylaws. any odd number (so that tie votes are avoided). 11. Joe and Diana form Consumer Goods, Inc. Ultimate responsibility for policymaking decisions necessary to the management of corporate affairs rests with Consumer's a. board of directors. 12. James and Quincy are directors of Monroe Investments Corporation. Monroe has fifty-two shareholders. A dividend on Monroe stock can be declared by a. one member of the board. b. a majority vote of the board. c. a majority vote of the board and majority vote of the shareholders. d. a unanimous vote of the board and majority vote of the shareholders. 13. Visual PlayCompany makes DVD players. Visual Play is like most cor porations in that its officers are hired by the firm's a. board of directors. c. other officers. 14. Frosty Drinks Corporation distributes soft drinks in the Midwest. Frostys board of directors can delegate some of its functions to the firm's a. incorporators. b. officers. c. shareholders. 15. Coast-to-Coast Distribution, Inc. , is a direct-mail distribution company. Like most corporations, Coast-to-Coast's employees include its a. board of directors. 16. Fran is a director of Global Enterprises, Inc. To the corporation, Fran owes a duty of a. care only.

Is Science a Religion Essay

Is science a religion? This topic has been debated by many creationists and scientists alike. The philosophy of science makes no claims to knowledge about the supernatural or metaphysical and, by not so doing, is left with an enterprise that although hugely successful is also permanently on trial (Manne, 2010). The only thing scientists can agree upon is the empirical nature of science, but the steps from observations to theory are not without philosophical problems. DISCUSSION Thomas Kuhn thinks that scientific paradigms are essentially pictures of the world that are consistent with observations and logically coherent. But such pictures are necessarily always incomplete, at least until such time as we know everything, and our minds seem to struggle to accept this; it seems like there is an aesthetic compulsion to create harmonious images, even if that means filling in the spaces with metaphysical constructs. Andrew Brown states that the dictionary is wrong; science can be a religion too. He explains that if you strictly use the dictionary definition of science then it cannot be considered a religion, but if you look at science objectively you can see how it could be considered one. He makes a strong argument that religion has too many definitions for science to not be considered one. Richard Dawkins believes the opposite. He states that science is based upon verifiable evidence. Religious faith not only lacks evidence, its independence from evidence is its main virtue. Dawkins makes a good argument for science not being a religion. He even goes so far as to reconsider his stance only if science can get as much education time as religion does. Dawkins’ Atheist views are widely known but there are many more scientists that believe religion has no place in the world. Michael Ruse, on the other hand, asks why religion is not being taught in public schools while science is. His argument is that if â€Å"God exists† is a religious claim, why then is â€Å"God does not exist† not a religious claim? And if Creationism implies God exists and cannot therefore be taught, why then should science which implies God does not exist be taught? I am sure Dawkins was referring to Sunday school and bible study when he referred to science getting as much education time as science, but Ruse has a valid point. Science is taught in schools due to separation of church and state, therefore everyone has to learn science. Sunday school is voluntary. Peter Harrison demonstrated how the role of religion in the rise of modern science often focused on the way in which religion motivated particular individuals, or provided the essential content of approaches to nature. These relate to the origins of science and assume that, once established, modern science becomes self-justifying. However, seventeenth century criticisms of science, such as attacks on the Royal Society, suggest that science remained unimportant for quite some time. The rise of science to cultural importance in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was possible only because science was eventually able to establish itself as religiously useful initiative. Religion played a key role not only in the origins of modern science, but in providing the ongoing social sanctions that ensured its persistence and rise to prominence. This is a concept I am sure Dawkins would not appreciate, yet it has merit. The relationship between Science and Religion can be explained from two discrete points of view. Some would argue that scientific explanations are the only means of explaining our existence, while others would argue that religion and the story of creation provide a sufficient amount of the world’s conception. Religion and science both have the same basis, which are truth and understanding. It is this similarity that allows a direct link between science and religion. I believe that there is sufficient evidence to prove that science and religion are compatible. Albert Einstein had the same opinion when he presented the idea of the nature of light that was argued for hundreds of years. Scientology is also a proven example of compatibility between religion and science. Also, when looking at the two from a more general point of view, it would be obvious to say that they can both work together to give us a better understanding of the universe. In the early 1700’s, a constructive debate on the true nature of light led to various arguments and theories. The â€Å"corpuscular† theory, which was more religious based, depicted light being tiny particles that were transferred from a source like the Sun to a destination. A more scientific theory suggested that light was a wave phenomenon where the energy was carried by a wave motion and not by movement of actual particles. In the early 1900’s, Albert Einstein discovered that light was both a wave and it was composed of tiny particles. He felt that both sides were right all along and both contributed to finding out the true nature of light. With this discovery, he felt that there was a strong link between science and religion. â€Å"Science without religion is lame, religion without science is blind† (Einstein, A). Saying this, he believed strongly in the fact that religion and science were compatible. He believed that religion was a byproduct of fear and a tool to help the primitive human mind deal with it. He believed that many leaders and rulers incorporated religion into their daily functions to secure their rule. The question â€Å"is science a religion? † still remains. The problem may lie in how science and religion differentiate in their distinct methodologies of searching for knowledge and belief. Science refers to a system of acquiring knowledge based on scientific method, it attempts to collect accurate information about the shared reality and to model it in a way that can be used to make reliable. They have concrete and quantitative predictions about events; everything has a hypothesis and has reasons to prove it. Science gains their knowledge through scientific method: testing hypotheses to develop theories through elucidation of facts or evaluation by experiments. It develops theories of the world which best fit the observed physical observed evidence. It can be categorized into two major types of sciences: human science and natural science and they rely mainly on empirical evidence. Religion is a set of beliefs and is related to both the personal practices related to communal faith and to group rituals and communication stemming from shared conviction. Theologians believe in the omnipotent power that God has, they put faith on God and use religion as a tool to satisfy their unanswerable questions and desire to know. Some religious people maintain that religious knowledge is absolute and infallible. However, the knowledge each person believes in varies as religious knowledge varies from religion and each individual. Science tends to be more tangible while religion is more imperceptible according to senses. There is domestic danger in being a world religious leader and technological powerhouse. Religious commitment and leadership in science and technology greatly enlarges the potential for conflict between faith and science in the United States. The relationship between religion and views of science should be of interest not just to scientists and social scientists concerned with public opinion research, but to policy makers as well. Public opinion has significant impact upon the making of public policy. Commonly held perceptions about particular scientific findings could help determine the eventual shape of laws and other policies for issues such as abortion or climate change (Keeter, 2007). Tradition has taught mankind that religion and science are two competing theories that can never be intermixed. Science and religion put forth competing theories on how the world was created, who is responsible for such creation, and what happens to individuals when they die. Further, science proposes solutions for many of society’s problems that many religions clearly define as wrong, such as abortion, stem cell research, and cloning. Early scientists and philosophers integrated science and religion to explain the course and state of the cosmos. For instance, Galileo, Kepler, Descartes, and Newton all asserted that mathematical relations, the foundation of science, were a product of God. According to the four, it was God who invented mathematics and then imposed mathematical laws on the universe to back them up. More than 100 years ago, William James remarked, â€Å"I do not see why a critical science of religions might not eventually command as general a public adhesion as is commanded by a physical science†. In James view, studying religion by way of science could shed more light on the issue than philosophy alone. James believed that philosophy fell short in that it failed to â€Å"capture the depth, motion, and vitality of religion†. By focusing on religion from a scientific point of view, researchers could better determine the concreteness of the religious experience. So, is science a religion? The answer is – it depends on who you ask.  There is no concrete evidence to prove that it is or isn’t. I tend to believe that it could be. People like Richard Dawkins say emphatically no, yet he has blind faith that â€Å"what science cannot explain today, it will be able to explain tomorrow† (McGrath, pg. 148). Some have even gone so far as to compare Dawkins’ â€Å"infatuation† with Darwin with the Christian’s worship of Jesus Christ. I have not read anything that proves this but it could be another example of how science can be viewed as a religion. Either way, it seems that some level of faith is required for both and we can learn a lot from each one.